What is Autism?
Autism Spectrum Disorder (Autism) is a complex developmental disability that is neurobiological. This means it relates to how the brain interprets information and responds to it.
People with Autism experience differences in the way they communicate socially. Their behaviour may be repetitive or narrowly focussed. People with Autism also tend to experience differences with their senses that can affect the way they react to their surroundings.
The Characteristics of Autism
Social Communication
In social situations, communication is about more than simply understanding what other people are saying. There are many unspoken rules that underpin social interactions, which changebased on the situation and people involved. Some people with Autism speak fluently while others have limited speech or do not talk at all.
How Social Communication affects students with Autism
Although no two students with Autism will be the same, they all face challenges in interacting and communicating with others. Students with Autism may:
- Preferto be on their own rather than interact with their peers or with adults
- Not respond when people speak or gesture toward them, even when their name is called
- Makelittle eye contact with others
While some people with Autism will seek solitude, others may also have a strong desire for relationships –though help with forming friendships is often needed.
Varying levels of understanding vs communication
It is important to be aware that the communication abilities of a student with Autism is not necessarily equal to their ability to understand and process information.
For example, someone with a very limited ability to express themself may have a much greater
understanding than is immediately apparent. Similarly, someone else who has a high level of verbal skills and is able to get their point across may have great difficulty understanding, processing and reacting to information presented to them.
Students with Autism may:
- Bevery ‘concrete’ or literal in their understanding of language
- Havevery few words that they can use to express themselves and therefore need communication support
- Talkwith ease, particularly about interests that are important to them, with little understanding that others may not be interested
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Behaviour
The following behaviours all fall within the Behaviour area of characterising Autism:
- Repetitive Actions – doing or saying somethingover and over again (including routines)
- IntenseInterests – a higher degree of interest in a particular topic or activity than others may experience
- Sensory Processing – differences in how theperson processes information that is provided by their senses, which can result in unusual or unexpected behavioural responses
These behaviours are often connected. When the world is overwhelming and unpredictable, they can give a person with Autism a sense of predictability and comfort.
Differences in Thinking: Theory of Mind
- People with Autism tend to think quite differently, which may lead to some challenges but can also result in some unique strengths. Three concepts that help explain these differences are:
- Theory of Mind– the ability to gauge the thoughts, intentions, feelings and mental states of other people (including being able to empathise or ‘put themselves in some else’s shoes’)
- Executive Function – the high level cognitiveskills that involve managing our thoughts, actions and emotions in order to get things done (such as organisation, focussing, remembering and responding appropriately)
- CentralCoherence – the ability to pull information together and make sense of it, depending on the situation or circumstance (including being able to look for the ‘bigger picture’ and overall meaning)
These differences in thinking can affect students in various ways, including:
- Challengeswith Theory of Mind – can sometimes be misunderstood as being uncaring, when in fact it is the impairment that may cause them to do or say ‘the wrong thing’
- Challengeswith Executive Function – having trouble getting started on tasks, remembering what to do, multi-tasking, prioritising different tasks, keeping track of activities or personal items and so on
- Challenges withCentral Coherence – focussing on specific details at the expense of understanding the overall picture of a situation or experience (though this may also mean excellent attention to detail!)